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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on May 6, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp066
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

CO exposure, puff topography, and subjective effects in waterpipe tobacco smokers

Wasim Maziak, Samer Rastam, Iman Ibrahim, Kenneth D. Ward, Alan Shihadeh and Thomas Eissenberg

Wasim Maziak, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Health & Sport Sciences, and Center for Community Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN and Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
Samer Rastam, M.D, Ph.D., Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
Iman Ibrahim, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
Kenneth D. Ward, Ph.D., Department of Health & Sport Sciences, and Center for Community Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN and Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
Alan Shihadeh, Sc.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Thomas Eissenberg, Ph.D., Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA and Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria

Corresponding Author:Thomas Eissenberg, Ph.D., Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Telephone: 804-827-4617; Fax: 804-828-7862; E-mail: teissenb{at}vcu.edu


  Abstract

Introduction: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in popularity though the toxicant exposure and effects associated with this tobacco use method are not well understood.

Methods: Sixty-one waterpipe tobacco smokers (56 males; mean age ± SD, 30.9 ± 9.5 years; mean number of weekly waterpipe smoking episodes, 7.8 ± 5.7; mean duration of waterpipe smoking 8.5 ± 6.1 years) abstained from smoking for at least 24 hr and then smoked tobacco from a waterpipe ad libitum in a laboratory. Before and after smoking, expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) and subjective effects were assessed; puff topography was measured during smoking.

Results: The mean waterpipe use episode duration was 33.1 ± 13.1 min. Expired-air CO increased significantly from a mean of 4.0 ± 1.7 before to 35.5 ± 32.7 after smoking. On average, participants took 169 ± 100 puffs, with a mean puff volume of 511 ± 333 ml. Urge to smoke, restlessness, craving, and other tobacco abstinence symptoms were reduced significantly after smoking, while ratings of dizzy, lightheaded, and other direct effects of nicotine increased.

Discussion: Expired-air CO and puff topography data indicate that, relative to a single cigarette, a single waterpipe tobacco smoking episode is associated with greater smoke exposure. Abstinent waterpipe tobacco smokers report symptoms similar to those reported by abstinent cigarette smokers, and these symptoms are reduced by subsequent waterpipe tobacco smoking. Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that waterpipe tobacco smoking is likely associated with the risk of tobacco/nicotine dependence.

Received: September 29, 2008; Accepted: February 16, 2009
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