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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on May 6, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp060
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Employment and social "determinants" of smoking in urbanizing China: A representative survey

Ding Ding, Melbourne F. Hovell, Ming Ji, C. Richard Hofstetter, Pinpin Zheng, Hua Fu and Suzanne C. Hughes

Ding Ding, M.P.H., Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Melbourne F. Hovell, Ph.D., M.P.H., Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Ming Ji, Ph.D., Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
C. Richard Hofstetter, Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Pinpin Zheng, Ph.D., Graduate School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Hua Fu, Ph.D., Graduate School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Suzanne C. Hughes, Ph.D., M.P.H., Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA

Corresponding Author:Melbourne F. Hovell, Ph.D., M.P.H., Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. Telephone: 858-505-4770. Fax: 858-505-8614. Email: mhovell{at}projects.sdsu.edu


  Abstract

Introduction: This study explored social determinants of smoking among a sample of male Chinese adults in Changqiao, a community representing the transition from traditional to a "mobile" urban culture in China. New commercial systems have introduced high profits but also layoffs in the absence of government security systems.

Methods: In-person interviews were conducted by trained interviewers with 123 male participants selected at random. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were computed based on the Behavioral Ecological Model (BEM). About 61% of male participants were ever-smokers and 48% were current smokers.

Results: Current smoking was associated with involuntary unemployment (odds ratio [OR] = 6.52), the absence of home smoking restrictions (OR = 0.34), and social reinforcement such as friends’ smoking (OR = 4.02) and receiving smoking-related gifts (OR = 6.39).

Discussion: Findings support the BEM. It is especially important to verify the relationship between unemployment and smoking, given the recent rise in involuntary job loss due to the transitional economy in China.

Received: September 24, 2008; Accepted: February 14, 2009
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