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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on March 23, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp003
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Examining unsupervised time with peers and the role of association with delinquent peers on adolescent smoking

Kathryn Greene and Smita C. Banerjee

Kathryn Greene, Ph.D., Department of Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
Smita C. Banerjee, Ph.D., Lincoln School of Health & Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK

Corresponding Author: Kathryn Greene, Ph.D., Department of Communication, Rutgers University, 4 Huntington Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Telephone: 732-932-7500. Fax: 732-932-3756. Email: kgreene{at}scils.rutgers.edu


  Abstract

Introduction: This study explored the association between unsupervised time with peers and adolescent smoking behavior both directly and indirectly through interaction with delinquent peers, social expectancies about cigarette smoking, and cigarette offers from peers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used for the study and included 248 male and female middle school students.

Results: Results of structural equation modeling revealed that unsupervised time with peers is associated indirectly with adolescent smoking behavior through the mediation of association with delinquent peers, social expectancies about cigarette smoking, and cigarette offers from peers.

Discussion: Interventions designed to motivate adolescents without adult supervision to associate more with friends who engage in prosocial activities may eventually reduce adolescent smoking. Further implications for structured supervised time for students outside of school time are discussed.

Received: March 10, 2008; Accepted: September 19, 2008
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