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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access originally published online on April 7, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009 11(5):540-546; doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp036
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Mood, nicotine, and dose expectancy effects on acute responses to nicotine spray

Kenneth A. Perkins, Amy Grottenthaler, Melinda M. Ciccocioppo, Cynthia A. Conklin, Michael A. Sayette and Annette S. Wilson

Kenneth A. Perkins, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Amy Grottenthaler, B.S., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Melinda M. Ciccocioppo, B.S., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Cynthia A. Conklin, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Michael A. Sayette, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Annette S. Wilson, Ph.D., Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Corresponding Author: Kenneth A. Perkins, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Telephone: 412-246-5395; Fax: 412-246-5390; E-mail: perkinska{at}upmc.edu


  Abstract

Introduction: We recently showed effects of nicotine dose and nicotine expectancy on some responses to cigarette smoking, with generally no influence of induced mood on these effects. The present study extended this line of research to Nicotrol nasal spray, to determine whether formulation (spray vs. smoking) alters responses.

Methods: Smokers abstained overnight before each of two virtually identical sessions, involving negative or positive mood induction. They were randomized to one of five groups, four comprising the 2 x 2 balanced placebo design, varying actual and expected dose of nicotine in the nasal spray, and the fifth group a no-spray control. Dependent measures included self-reported affect, craving, withdrawal, and spray ratings of "liking" and "how much nicotine." Analyses were limited to those whose nicotine expectancies were manipulated successfully (N = 48).

Results: The following results matched those from our smoking study: expecting nicotine increased liking; expected, but not actual, nicotine dose increased dose perception; neither actual nor expected nicotine dose had much influence on affect or withdrawal; and mood had no influence on these effects. However, both actual and expected nicotine dose decreased craving in response to spray, contrary to our prior study with smoking.

Discussion: Formulation made little difference in some effects of nicotine and expectancies, but other effects differed by formulation. Some of these findings, particularly for craving reduction, may have implications for enhancing the acute therapeutic effects of nasal spray and, perhaps, other medications in smokers trying to maintain abstinence after quitting.

Received: June 25, 2008; Accepted: September 19, 2008
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