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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access originally published online on April 16, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009 11(5):493-502; doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp041
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

A prospective examination of distress tolerance and early smoking lapse in adult self-quitters

Richard A. Brown, C. W. Lejuez, David R. Strong, Christopher W. Kahler, Michael J. Zvolensky, Linda L. Carpenter, Raymond Niaura and Lawrence H. Price

Richard A. Brown, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
David R. Strong, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
Linda L. Carpenter, M.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
Raymond Niaura, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
Lawrence H. Price, M.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
C. W. Lejuez, Ph.D., University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Christopher W. Kahler, Ph.D., Brown Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI
Michael J. Zvolensky, Ph.D., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT

Corresponding Author: Richard A. Brown, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Telephone: 401-455-6254; Fax: 401-455-6424; E-mail: Richard_Brown{at}Brown.edu


  Abstract

Introduction: A significant percentage of smokers attempting cessation lapse to smoking within a matter of days, and current models of relapse devote insufficient attention to such early smoking lapse. Studies attempting to relate severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms to short-term smoking cessation outcomes have yielded equivocal results. How one reacts to the discomfort of nicotine withdrawal and quitting smoking (i.e., distress tolerance) may be a more promising avenue of investigation with important treatment implications.

Methods: The present investigation examined distress tolerance and early smoking lapse using a prospective design. Participants were 81 adult daily smokers recruited through newspaper advertisements targeted at smokers planning to quit smoking without assistance (i.e., no pharmacotherapy or psychosocial treatment; 42 males and 39 females; mean age = 42.6 years, SD = 12.20).

Results: As hypothesized, both greater breath-holding duration and carbon dioxide–enriched air persistence were associated with a significantly lower risk of smoking lapse following an unaided quit attempt. These effects were above and beyond the risk associated with levels of nicotine dependence, education, and history of major depressive disorder, suggesting that distress tolerance and task persistence may operate independently of risk factors such as nicotine dependence and depressive history. In contrast to expectation, persistence on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (a psychological challenge task) was not a significant predictor of earlier smoking lapse.

Discussion: These results are discussed in relation to refining theoretical models of the role of distress tolerance in early smoking lapse and the utility of such models in the development of specialized treatment approaches for smoking cessation.

Received: November 20, 2007; Accepted: February 15, 2009
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