Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access originally published online on April 16, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009 11(5):481-492; doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp030
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The Wisconsin Predicting Patients' Relapse questionnaire
Daniel M. Bolt, Ph.D., Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
Megan E. Piper, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health, Madison, WI
Danielle E. McCarthy, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
Sandra J. Japuntich, M.S., Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
Michael C. Fiore, M.D., M.P.H., Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health, Madison, WI
Stevens S. Smith, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health, Madison, WI
Timothy B. Baker, Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School and Public Health, Madison, WI
Corresponding Author: Megan E. Piper, Ph.D., Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1930 Monroe Street, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA. Telephone: 608-265-5472; Fax: 608-265-3102; E-mail: mep{at}ctri.medicine.wisc.edu
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Abstract |
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Introduction: Relapse is the most common smoking cessation outcome. Accurate prediction of relapse likelihood could be an important clinical tool used to influence treatment selection or duration. The aim of this research was to develop a brief clinical relapse proneness questionnaire to be used with smokers interested in quitting in a clinical setting where time is at a premium.
Methods: Diverse items assessing constructs shown in previous research to be related to relapse risk, such as nicotine dependence and self-efficacy, were evaluated to determine their independent contributions to relapse prediction. In an exploratory dataset, candidate items were assessed among smokers motivated to quit smoking who enrolled in one of three randomized controlled smoking cessation trials. A cross-validation dataset was used to compare the relative predictive power of the new instrument against the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) at 1-week, 8-week, and 6-month postquit assessments.
Results: We selected seven items with relatively nonoverlapping content for the Wisconsin Predicting Patient's Relapse (WI-PREPARE) measure, a brief, seven-item questionnaire that taps physical dependence, environmental factors, and individual difference characteristics. Cross-validation analyses suggested that the WI-PREPARE demonstrated a stronger prediction of relapse at 1-week and 8-week postquit assessments than the FTND and comparable prediction to the FTND at a 6-month postquit assessment.
Discussion: The WI-PREPARE is easy to score, suggests the nature of a patient's relapse risk, and predicts short- and medium-term relapse better than the FTND.
Received: February 21, 2008; Accepted: September 17, 2008
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