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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on November 10, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp165
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Smoking cessation for hospitalized smokers: An evaluation of the "Ottawa Model"

Robert D. Reid, Kerri-Anne Mullen, Monika E. Slovinec D’Angelo, Debbie A. Aitken, Sophia Papadakis, Patricia M. Haley, Christine A. McLaughlin and Andrew L. Pipe

Robert D. Reid, Ph.D., M.B.A., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Kerri-Anne Mullen, M.Sc., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Monika E. Slovinec D’Angelo, Ph.D., M.Ed., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Debbie A. Aitken, B.Sc., R.N., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sophia Papadakis, B.Sc., M.H.A., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Patricia M. Haley, R.N., Winchester District Memorial Hospital, Winchester, Ontario, Canada
Christine A. McLaughlin, B.Sc., R.N., Arnprior and District Memorial Hospital, Arnprior, Ontario, Canada
Andrew L. Pipe, C.M., M.D., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Corresponding Author: Robert D. Reid, Ph.D., Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7. Telephone: 613-761-5058; Fax: 613-761-5238; Email: breid{at}ottawaheart.ca


  Abstract

Introduction: Interventions for hospitalized smokers can increase long-term smoking cessation rates. The Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation (the "Ottawa Model") is an application of the "5 A’s" approach to cessation, customized to the hospital setting. This study evaluated the impact of implementing the Ottawa Model in 9 hospitals in eastern Ontario.

Methods: The RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework was used to evaluate the intervention. Trained outreach facilitators assisted 9 hospitals to implement the Ottawa Model; program delivery was then monitored over a 1-year period using administrative data and data from a follow-up database. A before-and-after study was conducted to gauge the effect of the Ottawa Model program on cessation rates 6 months after hospitalization. Self-reports of smoking cessation were biochemically confirmed in a random sample of patients, and all cessation rates were corrected for potential misreporting.

Results: Sixty-nine percent of the expected number of smokers received the Ottawa Model intervention. Controlling for hospital, the confirmed 6-month continuous abstinence rate was higher after, than before, introduction of the Ottawa Model (29.4% vs. 18.3%; odds ratio = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.11–2.64; Z = 2.43; I2 = 0%; p = .02). The intervention was more likely to accomplish counseling for smokers than delivery of medications or postdischarge follow-up. Attitudinal, managerial, and environmental challenges to program implementation were identified.

Discussion: Trained outreach facilitators successfully implemented the Ottawa Model in 9 hospitals leading to significantly higher long-term cessation rates. The public health implications of systematic cessation programs for hospitalized smokers are profound.

Received: March 25, 2009; Accepted: September 25, 2009
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