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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on April 3, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp027
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

A pilot study of nicotine delivery to smokers from a metered-dose inhaler

Brent Caldwell, Stuart Dickson, Carl Burgess, Robert Siebers, Sima Mala, Adrienne Parkes and Julian Crane

Brent Caldwell, M.B., Ch.B., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Stuart Dickson, Ph.D., Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
Carl Burgess, M.D., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Robert Siebers, F.I.Biol., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Sima Mala, Ph.D., Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand
Adrienne Parkes, M.Sc., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Julian Crane, F.R.A.C.P., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

Corresponding Author: Julian Crane, F.R.A.C.P., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand. Telephone: +64 4 385 5999. Fax: +64 4 389 5427. Email: julian.crane{at}otago.ac.nz


  Abstract

Introduction: The present study generated preliminary data on the acceptability and pharmacokinetics of nicotine administered by a simple metered-dose inhaler (MDI).

Methods: We conducted a nonrandomized, open-label cross-over trial of 10 current smokers. On Day 1, a single cigarette was smoked ad libitum. On Day 2, participants took 10 puffs (20 inhalations) of 50 µg nicotine/puff through the inhaler, and on Day 3, they took 10 puffs (20 inhalations) of 100 µg nicotine/puff, each over 5 min. Nicotine pharmacokinetics, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, and the acceptability of the inhalers were measured and recorded.

Results: Nicotine administered by an MDI produced a median maximum plasma concentration that was about 50% of that obtained by smoking a cigarette (12.5 vs. 25.9 ng/ml) and took twice the time to reach that concentration, 6 versus 3 min. Self-rated satisfaction and reduced urge to smoke were similar for the MDIs and a cigarette.

Discussion: The results suggest that nicotine can be delivered effectively by the pulmonary route using a standard MDI. The inhaler appears to provide a satisfaction level and reduction in the urge to smoke relatively similar to that provided by smoking a cigarette. These conclusions require verification in a larger controlled study.

Received: October 4, 2007; Accepted: November 27, 2008
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