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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access published online on January 27, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn012
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Association of the DRD2 gene Taq1A polymorphism and smoking behavior: a meta-analysis and new data

Marcus R. Munafò, Nicholas J. Timpson, Sean P. David, Shah Ebrahim and Debbie A. Lawlor

Marcus R. Munafò, Ph.D., Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Nicholas J. Timpson, Ph.D., MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, UK
Sean P. David, M.D., D.Phil., Brown Medical School and the Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
Shah Ebrahim, Ph.D., Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
Debbie A. Lawlor, Ph.D., MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, UK

Corresponding Author: Marcus R. Munafò, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. Telephone: +44-117-9546841. Fax: +44-117-9288588: E-mail: marcus.munafo{at}bristol.ac.uk


  Abstract

Introduction: Many studies have investigated the association of the dopamine type-2 receptor (DRD2) Taq1A polymorphism with tobacco use and cigarette smoking behaviors, but findings remain equivocal. There is a biological basis for considering that this association differs by sex, and differences in subpopulations might explain some of the contradictory evidence.

Methods: Our a priori hypothesis was that the association of the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism with smoking behavior would be more prominent in females than males. We therefore investigated the strength of evidence for an association between the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and smoking behavior in a large sample of females and used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize existing published data and explore the role of sex in explaining any heterogeneity between studies.

Results: We did not observe any strong evidence of association between the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and smoking behavior, including smoking initiation, smoking persistence, and smoking rate, either in our female sample or in our meta-analysis of 29 studies, comprising 28 published studies and the data from the present study. Metaregression suggested an association between the proportion of male participants in a study and the individual study effect size, indicating a larger effect size with a greater proportion of male participants for smoking initiation and smoking persistence. This effect did not appear to be due to the inclusion of the data from the present study.

Discussion: Available evidence does not support an association between the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism and smoking behavior. Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, we found evidence of a stronger association in males than in females.

Received: November 28, 2007; Accepted: June 14, 2008
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