Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access originally published online on April 24, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009 11(6):679-684; doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp049
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Association of cotinine levels and preeclampsia among African-American women
Vanitha Janakiraman, M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC
Marie Gantz, Ph.D., RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
Sharon Maynard, M.D., Department of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC
Ayman El-Mohandes, M.B.B.Ch., M.D., M.P.H., School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
Corresponding Author: Vanitha Janakiraman, M.D., Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Founders 4th Floor, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Telephone: 617-724-9030; Fax: 617-726-4267; E-mail: vjanakiraman{at}partners.org
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Abstract |
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Introduction: Although prior studies have shown that smoking reduces preeclampsia risk, the relationship between nicotine level and preeclampsia risk is not known. Our objective was to study the effects of smoking on the incidence of preeclampsia in African-American women using cotinine, a quantitative marker of nicotine.
Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data collected prospectively in Project District of Columbia Healthy Outcomes of Pregnancy Education. Our study included 724 African-American women. Self-reported smoking, cotinine levels, and pregnancy outcomes were examined.
Results: Some 18% of participants were smokers. Women with salivary cotinine levels greater than 200 ng/ml had infants with lower birth weights and a higher incidence of small-for-gestational-age infants than women with cotinine levels of 200 ng/ml or less. Exact logistic regression analysis revealed that women with salivary cotinine levels greater than 200 ng/ml had a significantly lower incidence of preeclampsia, compared with women with cotinine levels of 200 ng/ml or less, in unadjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.16, 95% CI = 0–0.90). After controlling for age, parity, and medical comorbidities, the trend was observed, but the effect was no longer significant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.19, 95% CI = 0–1.11). We found no significant differences in preeclampsia rates using lower cutoffs of cotinine exposure. We did not observe a decrease in preeclampsia incidence at low or moderate cotinine levels.
Discussion: Women with the highest cotinine levels may have a decreased risk for preeclampsia, although this effect was not significant after controlling for other risk factors.
Received: April 14, 2008; Accepted: January 29, 2009
Present address: Vanitha Janakiraman, M.D., Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA