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Nicotine & Tobacco Research Advance Access originally published online on February 26, 2009
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009 11(2):178-184; doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn021
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.Permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Low-level smoking among Spanish-speaking Latino smokers: Relationships with demographics, tobacco dependence, withdrawal, and cessation

Lorraine R. Reitzel, Tracy J. Costello, Carlos A. Mazas, Jennifer I. Vidrine, Michael S. Businelle, Darla E. Kendzor, Yisheng Li, Ludmila Cofta-Woerpel and David W. Wetter

Lorraine R. Reitzel, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Tracy J. Costello, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Carlos A. Mazas, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Jennifer I. Vidrine, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Michael S. Businelle, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Darla E. Kendzor, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Yisheng Li, Ph.D., Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Ludmila Cofta-Woerpel, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service and Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
David W. Wetter, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

Corresponding Author: Lorraine R. Reitzel, Ph.D., Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1440, P.O. Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA. Telephone: 713 792-0352. Fax: 713 792-1152. Email: lrreitzel{at}mdanderson.org


  Abstract

Introduction: Although recent research indicates that many Latino smokers are nondaily smokers or daily smokers who smoke at a low level (≤5 cigarettes/day), almost no research has investigated the characteristics of low-level smokers because such individuals are typically excluded from clinical trial research.

Methods: The present study examined the associations of daily smoking level and demographics, tobacco dependence, withdrawal, and abstinence during a specific quit attempt among 280 Spanish-speaking Latino smokers (54% male) who participated in a clinical trial of a telephone counseling intervention. Daily smokers were classified as low-level (1–5 cigarettes/day; n = 81), light (6–10 cigarettes/day; n = 99), or moderate/heavy smokers (≥11 cigarettes/day; n = 100). Data were collected prior to the quit attempt and at 5 and 12 weeks postquit.

Results: Results yielded three key findings. First, smoking level was positively associated with the total score and 12 of 13 subscale scores on a comprehensive, multidimensional measure of tobacco dependence. Low-level smokers consistently reported the least dependence, and moderate/heavy smokers reported the most dependence on tobacco. Second, low-level smokers reported the least craving in pre- to postcessation longitudinal analyses. Third, despite significant differences on dependence and craving, low-level smoking was not associated with abstinence. Smoking level was not associated with demographic variables.

Discussion: This is a preliminary step in understanding factors influencing tobacco dependence and smoking cessation among low-level Spanish-speaking Latino smokers, a subgroup with high prevalence in the Latino population.

Received: December 9, 2007; Accepted: April 3, 2008
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